5Sty. Section 2. Tensile Stressb. This is not strictly correct but is accurate enough with all the other assumptions built into the method. It consists of a bolt, two washers, two materials, and a nut.
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On the other hand, if the Read Full Article is very yielding as compared with the connected members, as shown in the above figure, then the resultant load will be either the initial tension or the external load, whichever is greater.
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The method used for combining loads and accounting for factors of safety used by NASA [11] and recommended by Bickford [5] will be adopted here. NASA [11] chose X = 2 and Y = 3 and Bickford [5] states these are the accepted aerospace values. This set of equations yields the additional loads due to the thermal effects.
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The blue arrows indicate the axial reaction forces at each bolted joint. The portion of the applied load that is carried by the bolt is dependent on the relative stiffness of the bolt and the clamped parts. Let us discuss how to calculate such stress in bolts or screws. If we consider the bolt to be next page fixed-guided beam (as discussed in the Appendix), then we see that the maximum moment will occur at the boundary conditions of the bolt which are located under the head and at the start of the internal threads. There are N1 equations of the type of Equation (33) (N for the clamped material and 1 for the bolt).
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According to FED-STD-H28/2B, the thread shear area for an external thread is calculated by:
The shear stress in the external threads is calculated by:
where Fb. The centroidal moments of inertia are calculated as:
where Ai is the bolt area and rc. The Thread shear stress is represented with the τs. 5 times larger than the bolt diameter and in the restricted db/l range of 0.
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Bickford [5] uses these same equations for the case where the internal threads are stronger than the external, and this is the practice recommended here. Subscripts not specifically identified in these tables will be addressed during discussions in the appropriate text.
The total shear reaction on a bolt is calculated as the vector sum of the X- components plus the Y- components:
Now that the axial and shear forces on the individual bolted joints have been calculated, the stresses in the bolted joints can be analyzed as discussed here.
In a bolted joint with a nut, as long as the bolt protrudes beyond the end of the nut then the length of thread engagement can be estimated by the nut height, hnut. The factor of safety on separation is found by:
The total tensile force on the bolt is due to 2 components: the preload force and the applied tensile load.
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In a joint with a nut, the pressure cone starts under the head of the bolt and ends under the nut. where P1 = Initial tension due to tightening of the boltP2 = External load on the bolta = Ratio of elasticity of connected parts to the elasticity of boltFor soft gaskets and large bolts, the value of a is high and the value of a/(1 + a) is approximately equal to unity so that the resultant load is equal to the sum of the initial tension and the external load. Note that these estimates do not account for chamfering at the end of the bolt or around the threaded hole in the part. Loading of this type is analogous to a shaft under a combined shear and torsion load. .